"Picturesque graphics": three pencil technique, multi-layered charcoal drawing

The article describes methods of achieving painterly qualities while drawing with soft materials, which include: 1) creation of a polychrome image effect using an extremely limited color palette (white, black and red chalk (sanguine)); 2) thorough work on a multi-layer charcoal drawing employing techniques similar to those of multi-layer watercolor, oil and pastel painting, as well as papier-pelle drawing. The study was first conducted by analyzing drawing manuals, catalogs of manufacturers and suppliers of art materials from France, Great Britain, Germany, USA and Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. What is more, the author of the article assembled a collection of antique tools and materials for drawing with charcoal, black chalk or crayon, stumping chalk (pulverized charcoal), sanguine and white chalk, the use of which was widespread in the aforementioned period. The annex to the article provides photographs of the described instruments and materials accompanied by the aggregate data from art manuals, catalogs and price lists of drawing material suppliers from London, Paris, New York, St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kazan, published over a period from 1851 to 1913. The drawing tradition of the second half of the 19th century is among one of the most complex and challenging in the entire history of graphics, as it peculiarly combines in itself a variety of instruments and delicate thoroughness of techniques. As a result of the research, the author was able to expand and complement the existing knowledge about graphic techniques, which allows for teaching academic drawing and studying the history of drawing by applying new data and unique illustrative material.

1. Berger, E. (1930). Tekhnika freski i tekhnika sgraffito [= Fresko- und Sgraffito-Technik] (P. Z., Trans.). Khudozhestvennoe izdatel'skoe AO AKHR. [In Rus.]

2. Erenberg, K., & Richel', G., et al. (1873). Prakticheskiy samouchitel' izyashchnykh iskusstv: Risovanie karandashami i kraskami, zhivopisi, vayaniya, mozaiki, arkhitektury, fotografii, gravirovaniya, litografii i proch., izlagayushchiy kak pervonachal'nye svedeniya, tak i vysshie zakony iskusstv v svyazi s ikh istoriey: Nastol'naya kniga dlya uchenikov, uchiteley, remeslennikov, khudozhnikov i obrazovannykh lyudey [= Practical Self- Teaching Guide to Fine Arts: Drawing with Pencil and Paint, Painting, Sculpture, Mosaic, Architecture, Photography, Engraving, Lithography, etc.: Background Information and Higher Laws of Fine Arts. Reference Book for Students, Teachers, Craftsmen, Artists and Educated People]. Leukhin. [In Rus.]

3. Fel'ker, I. V. (1889). Zhivopis' maslyanymi kraskami: Prakticheskoe rukovodstvo po peyzazhu, portretu i zhanru [= Painting with Oil: Practical Guide to Landscape, Portrait and Genre]. V. S. [In Rus.]

4. Kassan', A. (1893). Rukovodstvo k risovaniyu akvarel'yu [= A Guide to Watercolor Painting] (O. Kochetova, Trans., 2nd ed.). Tip. i khromolit. P. P. Soykina. (Original work published 1890) [In Rus.]

5. Katalog risunkov i modeley Berlinskago khudozhestvennago magazina Yu. F. Brokman, sentyabr' 1888 [= Catalog of Drawings and Models from the U. F. Brockmann’s Berlin Art Store, September 1888]. (1888). Tipografiya F. F. Ebe. [In Rus.]

6. Kiplik, D. I. (2002). Tekhnika zhivopisi [= Painting Technique]. Svarog i K. [In Rus.]

7. Makovskiy, A. V., & Lesovoy, V. (Eds.). [ca. 1915]. Iskusstvo dlya vsekh. Shkola risovaniya, zhivopisi i prikladnogo iskusstva [= Art for Everyone. School of Drawing, Painting and Applied Arts] (Vol. 6). T-vo “Blago”. [In Rus.]

8. Petrushevskiy, F. (1891). Kraski i zhivopis': Posobie dlya khudozhnikov i tekhnikov [= Paint and Painting: Manual for Artists and Technicians]. Tipografiya M. M. Stasyulevicha. [In Rus.]

9. Piragis, L. Yu. (1916). Zhivopis' maslyanymi kraskami, akvarel'yu i pastel'yu: Prakt. rukovodstvo dlya khudozhnikov-samouchek po zhivopisi maslyanymi kraskami, akvarel'yu i pastel'yu [= Painting with Oil, Watercolor and Pastel: Practical Guide for Self-Taught Artists] (2nd ed.). M. P. Petrov. [In Rus.]

10. Pliniy Starshiy, Gay. [ca. 1918]. Ob iskusstve [= On Art] (B. V. Varneke, Trans.). A. A. Ivasenko. [In Rus.]

11. Preys-kurant – luchshiya akvarel'nyya kraski fabriki Bourgeois aine v Parizhe [= Price List – The Best Watercolors from the Bourgeois Aine Factory in Paris]. [19--]. In Berlinskiy khudozh. magazin Yu. F. Brokman. Tovarishchestvo tipo-litogr. I. M. Mashistova. [In Rus.]

12. Preys-kurant khudozhestvennykh, risoval'nykh i chertezhnykh prinadlezhnostey magazina Datsiaro (sushchestvuet s 1827 goda) [= Price List of Art, Drawing and Drafting Supplies from the Datsiaro Store] (1912). Tipo-litografiya T-va I. N. Kushnerev i K°. [In Rus.]

13. Preys-kurant khudozhestvennykh, risoval'nykh i chertezhnykh prinadlezhnostey moskovskago magazina Datsiaro [= Price List of Art, Drawing and Drafting Supplies from the Datsiaro Store]. (1896). Tipo-lit. Vysochayshe utv. T-va I. N. Kushnerev i K°. [In Rus.]

14. Preys-kurant krasok i prinadlezhnostey dlya zhivopisi, risovaniya i chercheniya Moskovskago khudozhestvennago magazina B. Avantso, postavshchik Moskovskago obshchestva lyubiteley khudozhestv i obshchestva rasprostraneniya tekhnicheskikh znaniy [= Price List for Paints and Tools for Painting, Drawing and Drafting from B. Avanzo’s Moscow Art Store, Supplier of the Moscow Society of Art Lovers and the Society for the Dissemination of Technical Knowledge]. (1913). Tipo-lit. t-va I. N. Kushnerev. [In Rus.]

15. Preys-kurant otdelov: fotografiya, zhivopis', risovanie, cherchenie i novost': grafofony [= Department Price Lists: Photography, Painting, Drawing, Drafting and Graphophones (Newly Added)]. (1898). In Magazin V. M. Klyuchnikova. Tipo-litogr. V. M. Klyuchnikova. [In Rus.]

16. Sbornik postanovleniy Soveta Imperatorskoy Akademii khudozhestv po khudozhestvennoy i uchebnoy chasti: S 1859 po 1890 g.: S pril. Ustava

17. Akademii 1859 g. i dvukh proektov nov􀀈go Ustava 1872 i 1889 g. [= Collection of Resolutions of the Council of the Imperial Academy of Arts on Art and Education Matters 1859 – 1890. Annex I: Charter of the Academy (1859). Annex II: Two Drafts of the New Charter (1872 and 1889 respectively)] (1890). [In Rus.]

18. Tolstoy, L. N. (2014). Voyna i mir [= War and Peace] (Vol. 2). Detskaya literaturа. [In Rus.]

19. Allongé, A. (1873). Le Fusain. Georges Meusnier.

20. Artists’ Colors and Materials of Finest Quality. (1949). Winsor & Newton.

21. Cassagne, A. (1875). Traité d'aquarelle. C. Fouraut et fils.

22. Clint, A. [s. a.]. A Guide to Oil Paintung. Part III. Landscape from Nature. George Rowney & Company.

23. Dubois, É. [s. a.]. Le Fusain. Delarue.

24. Fraipont, G. (1897). L'art d'appliquer ses connaissances en dessin: fusain, crayon, plume, eau-forte, lithographie, exécution des dessins pour la photogravure et la gravure sur bois, l'art de prendre un croquis (6 parties en 1 vol. Partie 1). H. Laurens.

25. Goupil, F. A. A. [s. a.]. Le Pastel simplifié et perfectionné. S. Bornemann.

26. Jozan, S. (1852). Du pastel: traité de sa composition, de sa fabrication, de son emploi dans la peinture... (2nd éd.). Daulos.

27. Lalanne, M. F. A. (1875). Le Fusain. Léon Berville.

28. Littlejohns, J. [1931]. The Composition of a Landscape. Winsor & Newton.

29. Richmond, W. D. (1878). Grammar of Lithography. Wyman & Sons.

30. Robert, K. (1880). Charcoal Drawing without a Master (Translated from the 4th edition by Elizabeth Haven Appleton). Robert Clarke & Co.

31. Robert, K. (1874). Le fusain sans maître: traité pratique et complet sur l'étude du paysage au fusain. G. Meusnier.

32. Robert, K. (1887). Le fusain sans maître: traité pratique et complet sur l'étude du paysage au fusain. Léon Berville.

33. Theophilus. (1979). On Divers Arts (J. G. Hawthorne & C. S. Smith, Trans.). Dover Publications, Inc.

34. Watrous, J. (1967). The 􀀘raft of Old-Master Drawings. The University of Wisconsin Press.

35. Winsor & Newton 1960 Catalogue. (1960). Winsor & Newton LTD.

36. Winsor & Newton’s Catalogue of Colours and Materials for Oil and Water Colour Painting, Pencil, Chalk, and Architectural Drawing, &c. (1910, October). Winsor & Newton.

37. Winsor & Newton’s Catalogue of Colours and Materials for Water Colour Painting, Pencil, Chalk, Architectiral Drawing, &c, &c. (1884). Winsor & Newton.

38. Winsor & Newton’s Catalogue of Colours and Materials for Water Colour Painting, Pencil, Chalk, Architectiral Drawing, &c, &c. (1888). Winsor & Newton.

39. Winsor & Newton List of Colours and Materials for Water Colour Painting, Oil Colour Painting, Pencil Drawing, &c. (1879). Winsor & Newton.

40. Winsor and Newton, Manufacturing Artist’s Colourmen. (1851). Winsor and Newton.